National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

**History and Structure**:
– National Academy of Sciences established in 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln.
– Affiliated organizations created under the same congressional charter.
– National Research Council established in 1916 upon Woodrow Wilson’s request.
– NRC supported national defense readiness during World War I.
– The Academies include the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Medicine.
– Each academy has its governing Council and elects new members annually.
– Total membership exceeds 6,300 scientists, engineers, and health professionals.
– Headquarters located at Keck Center, Washington, D.C.
– Executive Office at National Academy of Sciences Building.
– Program units are the operating arm of the three academies for providing policy advice.
– NAS Council delegates governing authority to a Governing Board of the National Research Council.
– Governing Board chaired jointly by the presidents of the academies.

**Purpose and Impact**:
– NASEM aims to spark progress, innovation, and confront challenging issues for society’s benefit.
– Aims to provide advice on public importance issues or by government request.
– Produces around 200 publications annually.
– Reports issued by the National Academies reflect scientific consensus.
– Reports undergo an extensive external review process before publication.
– Reports by the National Academies are characterized as reflective of scientific consensus.
– Reports shape policies and advance science.
– Expert volunteers address societal problems without pay, providing independent advice.
– Reports influence policy decisions and enable new research programs.

**Programs and Initiatives**:
– Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellowship offers a 3-month program for recent graduate students.
– LabX program aims to raise awareness of scientific solutions to community problems through online resources and events.
– Cooperative Research Programs Division provides collaborative research opportunities.
– Various units under different divisions focus on research in various areas.
– Health and Medicine Division Units conduct research on health-related topics.
– Policy and Global Affairs Units focus on policy research and analysis.
– The Gulf Research Program aims to advance understanding of the Gulf of Mexico.

**Publications and Reports**:
– Various reports and publications are available from the National Academies Press.
– Reports include topics like climate change, abrupt impacts of climate change, sexual assault statistics, and research ethics.
– ‘Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions.’
– ‘Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change: Anticipating Surprises.’
– ‘Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault.’
– ‘Fostering Integrity in Research.’

**Funding and Revenue**:
– National Academies funded through grants, contracts from federal agencies, and private sources.
– Around 70% of the budget comes from federal funds, with additional support from private donations.
– Received $19 million from the Sackler family for advising on opioid policy between 2000-2021.
– Revenue Applied to 2018 reflects the financial management of the National Academies.