Machine

**History and Evolution of Machines:**
– Flint hand axe found in Winchester
– Hand axe transforms force into splitting forces
– Inclined plane used since prehistoric times
– Wheel and axle mechanism invented in Mesopotamia
– Lever mechanism used in ancient Egyptian technology
– Windmill and wind pump invented in the Muslim world
– Steam jack driven by steam turbine in Ottoman Egypt
– Cotton gin invented in India by 6th century AD
– Spinning wheel invented in Islamic world by early 11th century
– Music sequencer invented by Banu Musa brothers in 9th century
– Al-Jazari invented programmable automata/robots in 1206
– Galileo Galilei worked out the complete dynamic theory of simple machines in 1600
– Leonardo da Vinci discovered classic rules of sliding friction
– James Watt patented parallel motion linkage in 1782
– Industrial Revolution from 1750 to 1850 had profound effects

**Applications and Contributions of Machines:**
– Vehicles like trains, automobiles, boats, airplanes
– Appliances in homes and offices, including computers
– Farm machinery, machine tools, factory automation systems
– Wind-powered machines like windmill and wind pump
– Steam-powered machines like steam engine and steam locomotives
– Renaissance natural philosophers identified six simple machines
– Archimedes discovered principle of mechanical advantage
– Hero of Alexandria listed five mechanisms to set a load in motion
– James Albert Bonsack invented cigarette rolling machine in 1880
– Industrial Revolution led to significant technological advancements

**Simple Machines and Mechanical Systems:**
– Simple machines provide a vocabulary for understanding more complex machines
– Archimedes defined the lever, pulley, and screw as simple machines
– Renaissance added the wheel and axle, wedge, and inclined plane to the list
– Modern approach focuses on components allowing movement, known as joints
– Mechanical systems manage power involving forces and movement
– Modern machines consist of power source, actuators, mechanisms, controller, and operator interface

**Power Sources and Control Systems:**
– Human and animal effort were original power sources for early machines
– Waterwheels used flowing water to generate rotary motion for milling and powering operations
– Windmills captured wind power for milling operations
– Engines like steam engines and internal combustion engines are common power sources
– Modern engines use heat, combustion, or turbines to generate power for various applications
– Control systems regulate and direct the operation of machines
– They consist of sensors, controllers, and actuators to achieve desired performance

**Mechanisms and Machine Elements:**
– Mechanical systems are assembled from machine elements
– Machine elements include frame members, bearings, splines, springs, seals, and fasteners
– Covers provide styling and operational interface
– Mechanisms control movement and can be gears, gear trains, cam and follower mechanisms, and linkages
– Gears and gear trains transmit rotation between toothed wheels
– Cam and follower mechanisms consist of specially shaped links
– Linkages are collections of links connected by joints
– Machine elements consist of structural components, mechanisms, and control components