Diesel engine

**Diesel Engine Overview:**
– Diesel engines compress air or air with residual combustion gases.
– Diesel engines control torque by adjusting the air-fuel ratio.
– Diesel engines have high thermal efficiency due to lean burn and high expansion ratio.
– Diesel engines operate at high air-fuel ratios.
– Diesel engines utilize diffusion flame for combustion.

**History and Development:**
– Rudolf Diesel patented a rational heat motor in 1893.
– Diesel’s first fully functional engine was completed in October 1896.
– Diesel aimed to create a highly efficient engine based on the Carnot cycle.
– Diesel received patents in various countries for his engine design.
– Diesel faced criticism and accusations of fraud regarding his engine invention.

**Usage and Applications:**
– Diesel engines were initially used as replacements for stationary steam engines.
– Diesel engines are used in submarines, ships, locomotives, and heavy equipment.
– Diesel engines offer higher fuel efficiency, leading to their adoption in various vehicles.
– Diesel engines are widely used in electricity generation plants.
– Diesel engines have seen increased use in aviation for light airplanes and unmanned aerial vehicles.

**Air Pollution and Regulation:**
– Diesel engines emit more air pollution compared to gasoline engines.
– The EU average for diesel cars accounted for half of newly registered cars.
– Diesel engines in the U.S. are mainly used in larger on-road and off-road vehicles.
– Development and production of diesel engines for aircraft have surged since the late 1990s.
– Over 5,000 aircraft diesel engines were delivered worldwide between 2002 and 2018.

**Technological Advancements:**
– Diesel engines use compression ignition, not spark plugs.
– Diesel engines form the air-fuel mixture internally.
– Diesel engines operate at high air-fuel ratios.
– Diesel engines have better fuel efficiency due to high compression ratios.
– Diesel engines achieve high theoretical efficiency levels up to 75%.