Separation barrier

**Group 1: Global Construction of Separation Barriers**

– The global construction rate of separation barriers and walls is at a record high.
– There are a total of 45 walls and barriers separating countries and territories worldwide.
– Notable separation barriers were identified in 2011, showcasing their widespread use.
– Construction of separation barriers is not limited to dictatorships or pariah states.
– The historic Berlin Wall was demolished between 1990 and 1992.

**Group 2: Specific Separation Barriers in Different Regions**

– Central Europe: Roma walls have been constructed in the Czech Republic, Romania, and Slovakia to separate Roma groups.
– Cyprus: Turkey erected a 300-kilometer barrier along the Green Line, dividing the island into two parts.
– Egypt: The Egypt-Gaza barrier and the Sharm el-Sheikh barrier were built to enhance national security.
– India: The Line of Control separates Indian and Pakistani controlled areas in Kashmir, with plans for further barriers.
– Israel: The Israeli West Bank barrier aims to protect civilians from terrorism but is controversial.

**Group 3: Various Separation Barriers in Different Countries**

– Kuwait: The Kuwait-Iraq barrier features electrified fencing, concertina wire, a trench, and a berm.
– Lebanon: A separation wall surrounds the Ain al-Hilweh camp in Lebanon.
– Malaysia: The Malaysia-Thailand border barrier targets reducing smuggling, illegal immigration, and crime.
– Saudi Arabia: Borders with Yemen and Iraq are secured with barriers to control movement of people and goods.
– Turkey: Barriers along the Syrian and Iranian borders aim to prevent illegal crossings and smuggling.

**Group 4: Separation Barriers in Conflict Zones**

– United Kingdom: Walls in Northern Ireland separate Catholic and Protestant communities, with plans to remove them by 2023.
– United States: The US-Mexico barrier aims to prevent unauthorized immigration and smuggling, with sections replaced under the Trump administration.
– Western Sahara: Morocco’s sand wall separates controlled zones with minefields and watchtowers.

**Group 5: Historical Separation Barriers**

– Berlin Wall: Built in 1961, stood for 28 years, and symbolized the Cold War division.
– Israel Security Barrier: Constructed in 2002 during the Second Intifada, extending over 700 km in the West Bank.
– Egypt-Gaza Border Wall: Erected to prevent smuggling, sparking controversy for blocking Palestinian refugees.
– India’s Separation Wall in Kashmir: Proposed to prevent infiltration from Pakistan and deter separatist movements.
– Saudi Arabia-Yemen Border Fence: Built to enhance security, causing tensions and territorial disputes.