Early European Farmers
**Group 1: Early European Farmers Migration and Ancestry**
– Anatolian Neolithic farmers spread agriculture to Europe and Northwest Africa between 9600 and 4000 BC.
– Genetic studies confirm a migration of Early European Farmers (EEFs) from Asia Minor into Europe starting around 7,000 BC.
– EEFs can be modeled as Anatolian Neolithic Farmers with a minor contribution from Western Hunter-Gatherers.
– EEFs divided into two groups, expanding west into Europe along the Danube or the western Mediterranean.
– EEF ancestry is common in modern European populations, with the highest percentages in Southern Europeans.
– EEF ancestors contributed to the acquisition of Western Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in modern Southern Europeans.
**Group 2: Genetic Studies and Ancestral Populations**
– Lazaridis et al. 2014 identified EEFs as one of the three major ancestral populations of modern Europeans.
– EEFs were largely of Near Eastern origin with slight Western Hunter-Gatherer admixture.
– EEF ancestry in modern Europe ranges from 30% in the Baltic States to up to 90% near the Mediterranean Sea.
– Ancient human genomes suggest EEFs, Ancient North Eurasians, and Western Hunter-Gatherers as major ancestral populations.
– Ötzi was identified as having EEF ancestry, contributing to the genetic makeup of modern Southern Europeans.
– EEF ancestors split from WHG around 43,000 BC and further split into EEFs and Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers (CHGs) by 23,000 BC.
**Group 3: Genetic Diversity and Admixture**
– EEFs were genetically related to Neolithic farmers of Anatolia with more WHG ancestry.
– EEF males typically carried G2a Y-DNA.
– Most modern Europeans are a mix of WHGs, EEFs, and Yamnaya culture descendants.
– Srubnaya and Sintashta cultures had around 15% EEF ancestry from Central European migration.
– No EEF admixture among Neolithic populations in the eastern Baltic and East European forest steppe.
– Corded Ware culture in the eastern Baltic had steppe and hunter-gatherer-related ancestry.
**Group 4: Regional Genetic Studies and Findings**
– LBK and Cardial Ware cultures shared a common EEF origin in the Balkans.
– Sardinians and Basque people have the most EEF ancestry among modern populations.
– EEF ancestors contributed to the genetic legacy of Early European Farmers in specific regions of Europe.
– Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe linked to a kindred society.
– Genetic history from Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia.
– Contribution of steppe ancestry to eastern Corded Ware culture populations.
**Group 5: Recent Genetic Studies and Insights**
– Study by Mathieson et al. in 2018 on genetic insights into farming origins in the ancient Near East.
– Study by Fernandes et al. in 2020 on the spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the western Mediterranean.
– Study by Allentoft et al. in 2022 on population genomics of Stone Age Eurasia.
– Study by Christina et al. in 2021 on the genomic history of Aegean palatial civilizations.
– Mitochondrial DNA screening in Neolithic Hungary and post-glacial dispersal of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Northern Asia.